Research

War is one of the common discussion topics within the UN actors. Since the establishment of the UN in 1945, as a sign of the end of massive and bloody global wars, the UN has been actively working with many actors to establish and nurture global peace & security. One of the UN’s tools in achieving global peace and security is UN peacekeeping. Over the past sixty years, UN peacekeeping has been involved in various UN missions. The number of military, police, and civilian perso

Nowadays, the ageing issue has become one of the important topics in many countries, especially in developed countries. International society has been concerned about this issue a long time ago. The UN and ASEAN are two of the international organizations which have released concrete recommendations and implemented integrative actions to address this issue. Japan is […]

East Timor has been already being poor when Indonesia occupied this country in 1975. Under the occupation of the Indonesian government, East Timor was the poorest of Indonesia’s 27 provinces*. It gave negative impacts on the Timorese people, which increased hunger and disease rates. During that time, the Indonesian national development programs were mainly centralized […]

Global risks between the United States and other countries, including trade wars and the weaponization of military actions, have widened gaps among nations, reshaping global cooperation and increasing uncertainty among nations. The world has been changing drastically since the beginning of the first wave of globalization in 1870 (Vanham, 2019). In the current era of the fourth globalization—also known as Globalization 4.0—the international community has increased its awarenes

From 1968 to 1998, in the presidential era of Soeharto, the central government mandated every province in Indonesia to increase rice production for achieving food self-sufficiency. This national program pushed farmers to plant only a rice crop. At that moment, every farming land across Indonesia was only producing rice Even though the Indonesian government successfully […]